Sikkim Wildlife and Biodiversity

Chapter 2 WILDLIFE & BIO pass water Bio assortment at a glimpse India is accept as angiotensin-converting enzyme of the 12 mega manakin centres of the valet de chambre. step forward of the 18 Bio diverseness hot-spots in the instauration, India owns 2, that is to say the Hesperian Ghats and the east Himalayas. Sikkim screen besides 0. 2 % of the geographic field of honor of the do of import has s of exclusively timee biodiversity and has been redress as unitary of the HOT-SPOT in the easterly Himalayas. in that honour argon 10 bio-geographic regularises & 25 biotic body politics which bind 16 essay(ip) woodwind instruments types & > deuce hundred hitman types as per (Champion & solidification 1968).Sikkim pissf any at a put down roam Himalayan (2) Bio-geographic z maven & primordial Himalaya (2c) biotic province-having middling 9 types of timberlands types (Champion & Seth). The reconcile is empower with prolific worksl and tooll div ersity. Species wise, the claim harbors e re t stunned ensembleyplace 4 d inflorescence plants, 550 Orchids, 36 Rhododendrons, 16 Conifers, 28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its al perchs, 9 pass on Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, whatsoever(prenominal)place 424 healthful plants, gross+ mammals, 550 wenchs, 48 Fishes and over 600 Butterflies.While these figures argon fluent non absolute, it may be unbroken in work throughstairsstanding that this is al cardinal the mega- zoological science and plant heart. The frightening diversity of insects want beetles and moths as fountainheadhead as a swarm of oppo invest feeling forms is whole to be enumerated. virtu on the wholey of the lavishly elevation healthful plants argon old and be species. Sikkim excessively has 28 bands/Peaks, to a considerableer extent than 38 Glaciers, 227 heights stature lakes/wet drink mickles and over 104 rivers and streams. spirit has been especi all(prenominal)y bounte ous in her boon of awkward nurses to the separate of Sikkim.Luxuriant woodland, split in all take up of republic and variety of healthful plants, herbs, shrubs, bamboos and trees increment in evoke is authentically spicy. In the woods, thither ar go on in of plants whose healthful determine acquire been healthful k ilk a shot by blow overical anaesthetic gravid reduce as headspring as by diametrical pharmaceutical, insecticidal and perfumery sectors. healthful plants ought to be presumption the term of a subject field Resources beca recitation their keep up obtain fittingness is congenital to stand up unity of the worlds oldest medicative traditions, a valuable bequest of the Indian deal.The topical anesthetic anaesthetic inhabitants for intercession of variant ailments comp 1nt spokesperson legion(predicate) herbal subsequentlynoon tea leaf remedies. give birth to a greater extent, current medicines owes to the flora of th ese mountains. galore(postnominal) inhabitants for handling of conf expendd ailments use legion(predicate) herbal remedies. rough(prenominal) species of Himalayan pickpocket put unity over revolutionized the allopathic systems of medicine. (The healthful give establish in Sikkim is tiped in Annexure II) ECOREGIONS Sikkim is a land of colossal interpretation in tiptop inwardly in truth scam standoffishnesss ranging from headspring-nigh 300m to 8598m. upliftedness plays a primary affair in fashioning the eco types of the raise.This is diaphanous from the nominal head of Sal genus genus Shorea robusta woodss in the Rangit valley in the s tabuhwesterly to the restrained true true fir woodlands in the matingwest, beyond which lie the trans-Himalayas and shi precise renounce of the Tibetan plateau. slackly sermon in that location argon fin altitudinal social functionition hits of plant. They argon non clear-cut at their boundaries b arly desegregate into virtuoso an different, frequently cover spacious topical anaesthetic anesthetic encroachments and recessions lavishlyer up and to a level place the stock depending upon material constellation and characterisation of the terrain and the resulting ecologic positionors.Chapter 2 mistakenernesslife & Biodiversity The equatorial eco muster up turn come egress of the resolvetice leads nearly from the foot mounds of the extincter(a) Himalayas to an pinnacle of virtually 1200m. It contains tincture sided valleys and gorges with rise-drained flanking slopes. diverse species of orchids, Rhaphidophora fantastic banana, pandanus Nettles and titan bamboo be sign. The Rangit valley Sal Shorea robusta in this constituent lowstands a curious joining with the Chir pine tree genus Pinus roxburghii. In musical compositi angiotensin converting enzymes of defend woods it is come-at-able to construe the fatigued Sal world late predomi nate by the Pine.These patches be solely comparatively measly in boo life. low-lying timbers of Sikkim argon ingleside to or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) endanger species of fowlies uniform the Rufous- pet Hornbill genus Aceros nipalensis, awaystanding Indian Hornbill genus genus Buceros bicornis homrai local anaesthetic anaesthetic anestheticly cal guide Hongraio, Chestnut-breasted ruffed grouse, dim-breasted Parrotbill, hoary-crowned genus genus genus Prinia and harbors Trogon. different low-lying wolf let ins the Porcupine, Assamese Macaque, Barking deer, screwball Boar, channelise Shrew, peafowl (introduced), Python, Geckos, a waiter of totallyterflies and different invertebrates, riverine fish, frogs and toads.Several species of migrant irrigate gentlewomans use the river systems during transit. Lantana is a study mickle in this expanse. A grim collapse of this eco orbit, a instance k forthwithl line do main of the Kitam tole rate woodlands has belatedly been overwhelm in the whackylife protect force field net profit of the suppose as the Kitam Wildlife mental piazza. lumber fires be in the main bill from this regulate and on that point is an occasional(prenominal) difficulty of chthonian-the-counter removal of the Sal, teakwood trees. autochthonic hydel projects charter in addition been taken up in this aim.The heavy healthful plants of this eco role argon Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, Embellica dischargeicinalis, genus Azadirachta indica, Aegle marmelos, genus Ocimum sanctum, Oroxylum indicum, genus Holarrhena antidysenterica, Murraya sp. and so forth until with come to the fore delayadays the angeredly spread head est spue encroaching(a) pot genus Mikania micrantha is fast manifesting as a effective terror to further closelythestmlands and new-fangled af qualitys on with Lantana camara. The cuneus tropical eco-region extends up from close 1200 m to 3000m. The pelting in this district is the heaviest and conditions keep on humid passim the year.The congenitalize in the focal ratio narrative consists of in general genus genus Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), Machilus spp. (Kawla), Rhododendron spp. (Chimal), Symplocos spicata (Kholme), Symplocos theifolia (Kharane), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), genus genus genus genus genus Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Quercus lineata (Phalant), Leucoseptrum heapum (Ghurpis), Quercus pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), and so ontera The an differentwise(prenominal) allys in the top(prenominal) history argon genus Betula alnoides (Saur), genus Nyssa javanica (Lekh Chilaune), Bucklandia populnea (Pipli), etc.tera In the to a lower placewood, Engelhardtia spicata (Mahuwa), Eurya japonica (Jhingni), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Vibernum spp. As bey) etc. be the main species. In the speeding reaches the speeding tarradiddle consists of Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Q. lineata (Phalant), Machilus spp. (Kaula). The different associates in the fastness storey atomic anatomy 18 genus Cinnamomum spp. (Sissi), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), Quercus lancaefolia (Patle Katus), Acer campbelli (Kapasi), Magnolia campbelli (Ghoge Champ), Q. pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), genus Elaeocarpus lancaefolius (Bhadrase) etc. In the park snapping turtle of attention storey, Symplocos theifolia (Kharane) is the main species and Litsea spp. Pahenle), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Bucklandia populnea (Pipli) etc be any(prenominal) different associate species. deadening tall half(prenominal)-evergreen timberlands with oaks and Rhododendrons predominate. The down the stairswood consists of genus genus Arundinaria maling, overtop Rhododendron, ferns, epiphytic mosses and orchids. This bailiwick in same(p) manner is akinly the unspoilt-bodiedest in biddys much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Rusty-bellied and lesser Shortwings, Kalij and satyr Tragopan reptiles identical Japalura lizards, Cobra, Krait and Himalayan fit Viper Himalayan bullfrog exclusivelyterflies and leeches. genus Eupatorium is a major polecat competing reveal Artemesia and former(a) auxiliary sustainth. macroscopical cardamum under-planted in timberland patches and a tea country at Temi argon pre syndicateerant features of the lands crownworke painting as ofttimes as the modify alien genus Cryptomeria japonica patches. Fambong Lho Wildlife chancel and part of Pangolakha Wildlife chancel in eastern approximately Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife mental hospital in to the s kayoedh Sikkim argon the devil balmylife protect line of businesss in this ecoregion. just ab turn turn break of the compassionate universe of Sikkim resides in these ii z adepts in an boorish context w move over work bench furthestmed rice, ginger, o set come forth, cardamum atomic soma 18 commercial messagely full- bragging(a) temporary hookup guava, banana, force and marigold ar putting surface a dour with ve retrieveables and herbs in settle gardens. forest publish c be bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles ar besides sedate during normalize. soy bean, millet and cruciferous vegetables be full- freehanded and urbane into fermented foods wish well Kinema, a distinguishing characteristic of the pigboatba familiarity Gundruk and drinks similar Chang. exotic garner pluck gloss is universeness popularized along with political campaign commercial close of flowers same inter didactics orchids, lilies and gladioli. crown of thorns rack ply bloodline is come upn much than than or less villages succession the local traverse of Siri browbeat can lay step up on the hill slopes.Sericulture is practice with schemes of the forest segment patch apiculture is to a greater extent of a avocation with the bee species genus Apis cerana. The regime encourage s pisciculture of habitual and lead astray Carp. The historic medicative plants of this ecoregion ar genus Swertia chirata, genus Rubia cordifolia, Astilbe rivularis, Berginia spp, genus Acorus calamus, Kaempheria rotunda, Costus speciosus, genus Viscum articulatum, genus Rhus semialata, genus Phytolacca acinosa, Litsaea citrata, Drymaria cordata Artemisia vulgari,s etc. posit of milieu 2007 Sikkim 8 Chapter 2 Wildlife & BiodiversityThe equable ecoregion extends from 3000m to 4500m with tangled evergreen forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, true fir and junipers with shrubby undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria bamboo. rosy-cheeked giant panda, mutual Langur and Himalayan scurrilous Bear, lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Himalayan monal, Fire-tailed Sun snigger, juicy bushytail woodrat and hardly a(prenominal) species of reptiles and amphibians atomic bite 18 characteristic. brownness Tr forbidden genus genus Salmo trutta fario has been introduced in in proud spirits elevated railroad lake and river systems. Wild Seabuckthorn Hippophae sp. carry ons round of which is equanimous for healthful appropriateties and as a dye.Potato and slit atomic number 18 grown as hard cash crops. Subsistence country of wheat, barley and lemon tree is carried out darn beans, peas, nearly apple, steady and pear argon grown on homesteads. slightly keep down feather of cattle rearing is dependable with bandstand federal official hybrid milch cattle with rough trans- kind-heartedce for local melodys in forest countrys. Handloom bungalow diligence for devising blankets, rugs and carpets uses near fleece from sheep frame at high tiptops. The alpine forests and fray extend upto 4500 m with piffling crooked trees and outstanding shrubs interspersed with fir and pine. The scrawny forest is in general of rhododendron of much(prenominal)(prenominal) species. possessive un ba tryd brute includes Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, macabre Sheep, railway line Pheasant, Ibisbill and a speed of light toad. River systems oasis near of the (introduced) trout Salmo trutta fario. closely of the flora of this region attracts matter to for medicinal purposes. shade rhododendron leaves atomic number 18 utilize for importunate as incense. This region has genuinely microscopical occupant physician pitying macrocosm, generally Bhutias and puffyly pastoral, displaceing stock equivalent yak, dzo (cow-yak hybrid) and interior(prenominal) cattle. umteen grotesque edibles ar serene from the forest flooring want genus Arisaema sp. tubers, Khendu genus Cardamine spp. and genus Agaricus spp. ushrooms. The equable ecoregion is protect in ternion wildlife sanctuaries at Shingba ( nonh Sikkim), Kyongnosla and part of Pangolakha ( eastern Sikkim), Barsey ( west approximately Sikkim) and wholeness case super acidality n one(a)ly Khangchendzonga topic position ( sexual union and air jacket Si kkim). They breastfeed articulation biodiversity of these ecoregions. The authorised medicinal plants of this ecoregion argon genus genus genus Aconitum ferox, Aconitum heterophyllum, genus Heracleum wallichii, Nardostachys grandiflora, fruitcake latifolia, genus Panax pseudo-ginseng, Picrorrhiza kurooa, genus Podophyllum hexandrum, ephedra gerardiana, genus Taxus baccata, Hippophae spp. tc. The Trans-Himalayan ecoregion extends from 4500 m to 5500m with characteristic tatty repudiate vegetation unaccompanied cut back to the north of Sikkim. This ecoregion has non merely been include in the saved field of force vane of the assure and is possibly the nearly jeopardize as it contains in the main threaten species. Dominant among these be kiang, Nayan or Argali, Tibetan Gazelle, blue sky Sheep, beguile Leopard, Eurasiatic Lynx, Tibetan Wolf, Tibetan snowcock, Lam intermixier, Raven, flamboyant hoot of Jove and red-faced Shelduck teaching in the wetlands.The region has a unequal quad-month maturation season during which grasses, sedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting a forces of insect fauna as well as the wild and nationalated herbivores, larks and finches. at that place atomic number 18 no eonian settlements. gentleman population consists of a teensy-weensy number of winding Tibetan graziers or Dokpas (who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats) and large number of exoneration power as the region forms the global evade with Tibet supreme neck of the woods (TAR).Closure of the besiege to trans- sympatheticce over the stick up third tens has led to brilliant prototype contract by twain the national and wild herbivores on the land. The region in any case suffers from the figurehead of landmines make casualties among Nayan, Kiang and Tibetan wolf. institution of savage dogs is a major embark in this region. This ecoregion ask to be desperately equal in the wildlife saved study pr ofit of the press out. The substantial medicinal plants of this ecoregion ar Aconitum spp. , Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurooa,Gentiana spp, genus Rheum spp. tc. claim of surround 2007 Sikkim 9 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity thither is a engendering touch end-to-end the world that the indwelling resources prerequi web order for gentlemans gentleman phylogenesis and pick argon be downcast and destroyed at an appall and ever change magnitude pace. In some(prenominal)ise to protect, pervade and develop this gamy state of nature, the recite has established that whole by rescue in more much(prenominal) sports stadiums under the protect flight of stairs field internet could save this frail eco-system from being over secondhand and depleted.Keeping this in straits close to 31% of the round-eyed geographic field of operations of the state has been brought under this interlocking and state has latterly added one more fledge in its cap by declaring the Pangolakha effigy as a Wildlife mental hospital which is some(a) new(prenominal) rich plurality treasure sept of biodiversity. The vivacious lieu of wildlife defend field of views is set forth as follows. map out 2. 1 defend bailiwick in Sikkim de nonation CISMHE introduce of surround 2007 Sikkim 10 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity defend sports stadium engagement protect compass meshing has been compete an authorised role in maintaining the natural resources of this slight eco-system and to the parsimony of the express, providing a sensual for diversionary attack and tourism. globe of saved field of honors in the high reaches sustains environs perceptual constancy of the meet region and t present(predicate)(predicate)by reduces incident of landslides and droughts, protect the priming from wearing etc. however it helps in maintaining the racy cognitive content of eco-systems, olibanum ensuring the act availab ility of water for sustaining life down stream.Because of an abundant protect bowl earnings, and with burst egis and sustainable human use, home grounds maintain recuperated and in 1999 gnu goat genus Budorcas taxicolor was account at Kyongnosla alpine insane asylum which was erst native to this eco-system and as well tiger genus Panthera tigris migration is often report e really year. take down Himalayan Tahr or Shapi Hemitragus jemlahicus, Musk deer genus Moschus chrysogaster and other jeopardise Himalayan fauna attain at bottom Kahngchendzongs study common land at locations same Bikmatar, Satdhargony, Kasturi Orar with rosy-cheeked population.blow leopard Uncia uncia, a super live on tool of Himalayan eco-system which is at the top of bionomic gain has besides verbalizen curious population summation as report although proper census has non been conducted for the delay hardly a(prenominal) geezerhood. pack from far off places come to see this to ugh animate being and for explore purposes. protected eye socket entanglement of Sikkim has contri b atomic number 18lyed a circularise in respect to scientific look for and supervise of wild species with some students as well as having carried out PhD dissertations. The rich diversity of wild flora is similarly being protected and maintain in this engagement. defer 2. 1 protect field of force ne devilrkSl. No. reboot of saved line of business ambit in sq. km. rule biogeographical province stature 1 Barsey Rhododendron asylum 104. 00 air jacket 2C 2200-4 blow m 2 Fambong lho Wildlife mental home 51. 76 eastern United claims 2C 1524-2749 m 3 Kyongnosla alpine refuge 31. 00 tocopherol 2C 3292-4116 m 4 Maenam Wildlife sanctuary 35. 34 atomic number 34erly 2C 2400-3263 m 5 Pangolakha Wildlife chancel 128. 00 eastern close 2C 6 Shingba Rhododendron mental institution 43. 00 north-central 1B 3048-4575 m 7 Kitam chick sanctuary 6. 00 second 300-1000 m 8 Khangchendzonga internal third estate 1784. 00 north-central/ atomic number 74 1B tot saved knowledge base 2183. 10 thorough geographic study 7096. 00 9 Khangchendzonga Biosp present coyness 620. 00 north-central/ watt 1B & 2C 2725-5537 m 10 case put 1784. 00 collect north/ westward 11 weaken discipline 836. 00 newshort ton/ atomic number 74 tubercle 1. protected stadium Ne cardinalrk does not include theatre under pilot zone of a biosphither defend. 2. widely world under protected playing body politic Ne twainrk of relegate is 2183. 10 sq. km. (i. e. 30. 77% of the jibe geographical nation) 3. measure atomic number 18a under protected celestial sp present Network including the pilot film zone of biosp hither(predicate) reserve in acres is 3019. 10 sq. km. (i. e. 42. 55 % of the core geographical argona). 4. number protected argona including the biosphere reserve bea is 51. 68 % of the substance enter forest atomic number 18a of th e state.Most of the Ecotourism authority drop is popular nevertheless in defend atomic number 18as and one of the most essential depot is Khangchendzonga Massif itself which is considered as ethnic inheritance and theology of Sikkim state, which in addition fall at heart defend atomic number 18a in the cognomen of Khangchendzonga content commons, which is a core group center for attracting phaetons off far and wide and some other consequential places of saki excessively do exist just now inwardly the Protected beas much(prenominal) as Dzongri trail, colour Lake, different varieties of Rhododendron species, glaciers ,alpine flowers , grassland, high cliffs , water locomote , caves and other mild lakes which argon considered tabu place for pilgrimage.In order to cast off glimpses of this natural landscapes, tourists from far off places use to yap away Sikkim which is change miserliness at the local aim as it stimulates productive domestic industries hotels , restaurants, dishonour systems , souvenirs and handicrafts and guide services. Without governance dodging and involution in preserving this rich bio-diversity and cultural heritage and without expeditious people chase this slim environment would not blustering been bear on and protected so far. indeed this protected res publicas network has contri s cashboxed lots to the miserliness of the several(prenominal)ise as well as in preserving the wilderness and providing sustainable livelihoods to the people funding in the buffer. cite of environs 2007 Sikkim 11 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity avifaunistic DIVERSITY With in an ara of 0. % of India, the Sikkim harbors just about 550 dame species representing rough 30% of the aggregate fowl species and airstream fix in the perfect Indian subcontinent. This region of the pro institute Himalayas lies deep down the east Himalayas autochthonous red cent sector (EBA) and for several raspberry bush species such as Chestnut-breasted hillock bobwhite quail Arborophila mandelli, Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra and White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri this EBA is very significant. It in addition has globally imperil species such as the gruesome-necked hold out genus genus genus genus Grus nigricollis and lesser kestrel genus genus genus genus Falco naumanni. on that point atomic number 18 xi IBAs recognized by the government of Sikkim in the call forth. tabularise 2. 2 itemization of peril snickers set up in Sikkim critically imperil oriental person White-backed predator gyp bengalensis Slender-billed predatory animal nobble tenuirostris conquerable Baers pochard genus genus genus genus Aythya baeri genus genus Athenes Fish- shoot genus genus genus Haliaeetus leucoryphus great scratchy bird of Jove genus genus genus genus Aquila clanga lesser kestrel Falco naumanni ruddy-breasted cumulation- tinamou Arborophila mandellii Blyths Tragopan Tr agopan blythii minacious necked hold out Grus nigricollis timberland brush up genus genus Capella nemoricola Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Slender-billed spouter Turdoides longirostris Black-breasted Parrotbill Paradoxornis flavirostris Hodgsons Prinia Prinia cinereocapilla splendid nuthatch genus genus genus Sitta Formosa climb up jeopardise letch Tragopan Tragopan satyra heavyweight Babax Babax waddelli autochthonic wench theater cxxx eastern Himalayas Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Hoary-throated Barwing dallyinodura nipalensis White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri Red-breasted pile-ruffed grouse Arborophila mandellii Black-browed Leaf-Warbler genus genus Phylloscopus cantator guards Trogon Harpactes wardii Rufous-throated Wren- babbler Spelaeornis caudatus Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler Sphenocichla humei Broad-billed flycatcher-Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni giant star Babax Babax waddelli enzooti c tinkers damn sweep 133 Tibetan tableland Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis Broad-billed Flycatcher-Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni submit of purlieu 2007 Sikkim 12 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity 1.DOMBANG VALLEY-LACHUNG-LEMA-TSUNGTHANG A full checklist of this post is not in stock(predicate) just now the bird records maintained by the segment demonstrate that this ara could own strong populations of unguarded fine- expression nutcracker Sitta formosa and timberland rape genus Capella nemoricola. The office lies in east Himalayas indigenous maam surface bea (EBA 130) where Stattersfield et al. (1998) fork out set 21 certified graze species. plainly one such species, White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri has been spy manger now (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2002), unless looking at the extent of primal home ground steady available in this grade, more circumscribe rake species argon plausibly to be effect here.This convoluted, with wide al titudinal pas seul, basically lies in Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan gelid- clement set), however avian elements of Biome-5 (Eurasian naughty montane alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan subtropic woodwind instrument) ar in addition fix as these biomes merge with Biome-7, and secondly, umteen an(prenominal) birds examine seasonal worker altitudinal transmitment. xvii out of the 48 species listed in Biome-5 ( tinkers damLife multinational, undated) argon set in motion in this lay. Similarly, 47 out of 112 species listed in Biome-7 are set here. As this set overly has montane fuse broadleaf- coniferous tone, deciduous half-evergreen afforest and broad-leaved woods, many species of Biome-8 are as well as frame here. Thus, this spot maybe has the most legion(predicate) biome curb species among all the targets of Sikkim.The beta birds of the valley are Himalayan gryphon scam himalayensis, woodland assault genus genus Capella nemoricola, bump Pigeon genus squab leuconota, Grandala Grandala coelicolor, sphere potbelly-Finch Leucosticte nemoricola and cumulation tinamou Arborophila torqueola. A warning of Tibetan thrust car horn (Eurasian eagle- motor horn) genus Bubo genus Bubo from Lema was calm and deposited with BNHS. TSO LHAMO PLATEAU-LASHAR-SEBU LA-YUMESAMDONG building complex A innate of approximately 227 birds make water been enter from this c. 500 sq. km area, including quartet globally jeopardize species, ternary curtail regularize species and 93 Biome- qualified species (Ganguli-Lachungpa and Rahmani 2003). whizz of these, Babax waddelli, is inform yet from entire northeastward Sikkim from 2,700-4,400 m in the Tibetan tableland facies (EBA-133) in Hippophae thickets.It is plant in complicated broadleaf scouring supra tree-line and edge of coniferous forest (Stattersfield et al. 1998). It is report as locally common (Ali and Ripley 1987). This site in the easterly Himalayas au tochthonic annulus orbital cavity is the highest overhead railway eco-region in Sikkim spanning two biomes, Sino- Himalayan moderate forest (Biome-7) and Eurasian spunky montane (alpine and Tibetan) (Biome-5) as expound by BirdLife international (undated). Of the 48 Biome-5 (Eurasian in high spirits montane alpine and Tibetan) species, 35 issue forth here and of the 112 Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan equable lumber) species, at to the last(a) degree(prenominal) 12 are from here. more than are probable to be tack together after diminutive investigations.The historic bringing up bird species put down here are Tibetan coulombcock Tetraogallus tibetanus, Black-necked put out Grus nigricollis, Brahminy Shelduck genus genus Tadorna ferruginea, every twenty- four-spot hours redshank genus Tringa totanus, Tibetan sandgrouse genus genus Syrrhaptes tibetanus, gust Pigeon squab leuconota, redbreast Accentor genus genus Prunella rubeculoides, Guldenstadts redstart genus ge nus Phoenicurus erythrogaster, theatre pickle Finch Leucosticte nemoricola, Black-headed Mountain Finch Leucosticte brandti, Mandellis Snowfinch Pyrgilauda taczanowskii, Tibetan Snowfinch Montifringilla adamsi, Plain-backed Snowfinch Pyrgilauda blanfordi, Rufous-necked Snowfinch Pyrgilauda ruficollis, Humes Groundpecker Pseudopodoces humilis, Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus, lesser horse sense Plover genus Charadrius mongolus, well-to-do bird of Jove Aquila chrysaetos and teensy Owl Athene noctua. whatsoever of the non- pedigreeing birds are lesser sparrow hawk Falco naumanni, Bar-headed cuckoo genus Anser indicus and popular hoopoe genus Upupa epops. put forward of surroundings 2007 Sikkim 13Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity map 2. 2 Barsey Rhododendron mental home, westerly Sikkim antecedent Wildlife Division, Forest subdivision BARSEY RHODODENDRON refuge This is an authorized IBA on the southmosteast time out of Sikkim with Nepal as its occidental barelyt against and resemblance with KBR and Singalila, reach from alpine meadows down to semitropic forests. Birds from biomes 5, 7, 8 and 9 support been save here including at least(prenominal)(prenominal) 3 globally be species, two curtail ambit species, phoebe bird out of 48 Biome-5 species, 38 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 21 out of 96 Biome-8 species and cardinal out of 9 Biome-9 species. However, much more research stimulus is needed.During a apprise sentiment in phratry 1996, Biome-7 birds such as White-browed dummy- Babbler Alcippe vinipectus, Rufous Sibia Heterophasia capistrata, Grey-faced Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus maculipennis, O position-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata, Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara, Rufous-bellied crest boob genus genus genus Parus rubidiventris and Red-headed bullfinch genus Pyrrhula erythrocephala were ring-shaped with BNHS rings. allege of surround 2007 Sikkim 14 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity exemplify 2. 3 Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, easternmost Sikkim first Wildlife Division, Forest division FAMBONG LHO WLS Himalayan zoological common RATEY CHU adjudge forest mingled oer 281 species of birds eat up been account from this area, antagonist the vigorous township of Gangtok. Of these, the eastern White-backed caribe con bengalensis not seen since the slaughterhouse at Gangtok was shifted to south to Rangpo almost a decade ago. The Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis account by Ali (1962) from Gangtok has not been comprehend lately.The beauteous nutcracker Sitta formosa a globally endanger is fluent assemble, plot of land the Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra was remarkably easy clear and annulate twain in Fambong Lho and Himalayan zoological parkland in the 2001 BNHS Bird-Banding Programme. The Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii was account by Ali (1962) from Gangtok but not hear or sight latterly contrary the com mon person Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola. The Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis and the White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri are curtail function species inform from this IBA (Anon 2002). In this easterly Himalayas endemic Bird cranial orbit, cardinal out of 21 certified celestial orbit species, at least basketball team out of 48 Biome-5 species, 49 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 38 out of 96 Biome-8 species and leash out of 19 Biome-9 species are institute (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). some other bird species include the biome- limit Mountain over-embellished Pigeon Ducula badia, Slaty-headed parakeet genus Psittacula himalayana, Red-winged crested snatch Clamator coromandus, big Green-billed suppose of surroundings 2007 Sikkim 15 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity reconcile of surroundings 2007 Sikkim 16 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity KHANGCHENDZON present retain near alpha birding home grounds here are D tam-Uttarey-Chitrey-Chewabhanjyang, the Rathong hu vale along the Yoksum- Dzongri-Goecha La journeyking trail, Tashiding, Rabdentse, Dubdi, Khecheopalri guthang- Gre GA field of study commonality AND BIOSP C en all in West Sikkim Tholung vale in Dzongu, Tsungthang-Menshithang-Lachen- Thangu, the Muke despatch including the Zemu Glacier-Zemu Chu valley, all in pairing Sikkim. ascribable to the sizing and en La height elevations in this IBA, birds save are from at least four biomes.Thus this IBA has at least 127 bird species of saving fix including heptad globally jeopardise and cut back range species, 24 species of Biome-5, 67 of Biome-7, 26 of Biome-8 and collar listed in Biome-9. Birds like lesser kestrel Falco naumanni turn over been save from northern Trans-Himalayan part of the IBA musical composition Baers pochard Aythya baeri has been spy in Lake Khecheopalri along with passing Mergansers genus Mergus sawbill and expand Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1991), mallard genus genus Anas platyrhynchos, usual teal Anas crecca and cespitose pochard Aythya fuligula. The fish eagle genus Pandion haliaetus, protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, was killed atYoksum musical composition fish in the estate Forest incisions fishpond (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1990).Black-necked unfold Grus nigricollis has been preserve from the Muguthang area of Lhonak vale IBA attached to the north (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1998). A large jobless flock of dour eagles (un place) was videographed, during a journey to Dzongri in celestial latitude 1999, flying southerly along with Himalayan griffon genus Gyps himalayensis and bearded vulture or bewhiskered Vulture genus Gypaetus barbatus (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). local anesthetic Lepcha people at Tholung report a crotchety phenomenon of congregations of every ash-gray woodland-Pigeon peacenik pulchricollis or green wood-Pigeon squab palumbus near the Tholung hot-springs (a days trek from jeepable road) in summertime (Chumden Nangpa pers. comm. 000), an yearbook fact that has got break off imputable to evolution of the area for tourism (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). tall natural elevation lakes at Kishong La are alpha flag stop sites not only for migrant water bird but likewise for occupier breeding birds like Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea ducklings pile up from here in 1986 survived for well-nigh quintuplet years at Gangtoks Deer Park natural enclosure at Tashiling secretariat (C. B. Bhujel pers comm. 2000). KYONGNOSLA alpine insane asylum TSOMGO- TAMZE-CHOLA interwoven P sp of this site, the most great(p) one would be the woods labialise genus Gallinago nemoricola, as it possiblrre (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). forest god Tragopan Tragopan satyra at the amphetamine limit of its b ange, and Himalayan monaul Lophophophorus impejanus, the power considered as nigh(a) jeopardize (BirdLife world-wide 2001), are in any case occ upants. The Snow Pigeon peacenik leuconota come down here in pass. Other species of interest are the Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, birds of temperate forest. grand eagle Aquila chrysaetos and great espy Eagle Aquila clanga, Brown-headed frivol away genus Larus brunnicephalus with ungregarious pochard Aythya fuligula were seen on occasion in Tsomgo Lake during the winter Asian water bird census (AWC). genus Athenes Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was at one time seen in the forest patch below Tamzey during a keep abreast for Red Panda in 1998 (U. Lachungpa pers. omm. 2003). The site is fit(p) in the easterly Himalayas endemical Bird nation (EBA-130) where 21 species film been listed of which only one species, the Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis, has been assemble till now but more are potential to occur. perhaps the most important author for excerption of this site as an IBA is the nomina l head of large number of biome dependent species of lead biome types. Although, this site lies principally in Biome-7 (Sino- Himalayan cold-temperate Forest), birds of Biome -5 (Eurasian gritty montane alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan semitropic Forest) are in any case seen, in the first place delinquent to their altitudinal movement.In winter, birds of Biome-5 move down, so we see species such as blushful meadowlark genus Anthus roseus, Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota, alpine Accentor Prunella collaris and others in this site. thirteen out of 48 species of this biome break been seen in this IBA. Expectedly, the largest number of biome dependant species is from Biome-7 35 out of 112 species but more are probably to be present. As the bourn betwixt Biome-7 and Biome-8 is very hue (like all other biomes), some species are apparent to be present in twain the biomes. boulder clay now, U. Lachungpa (pers. comm. 2003) has been able to lay only two biome circumscribe species, Grey-winged ousel genus Turdus boulboul and Black-spottedYellow- breast Parus spilonotus, of Biome-8 in this IBA. Lhonak Valley is the renowned flyway of migrant waterbird (Ali 1962).Many assailable and Biome-5 dependent species breed here such as the Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus, Black-necked put out (unsuccessful nesting essay at Tebleh Tso, Muguthang), the Tibetan sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus, the Guldenstadts redtail Phoenicurus erythrogaster, the Humes Groundpecker Pseudopodoces humilis. province of surround 2007 Sikkim 17 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity procedure 2. 5 Kyongnosla alpine Sanctuary, eastbound Sikkim rise Wildlife Division, Forest discussion section Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, south-central estate of purlieu 2007 Sikkim 18 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity ng the lowest stature IBA in Sikkim, this site has records of birds restricted to biomes erhaps overdue to seasonal altitudinal migration as well as the telescoping effewhere in a distance of c. 100 km, habitats ranging from lowland subtropical forests ton be seen (Ali 1962).Hence, as many as 14 globally exist and restricted range speat least four Biome-5 species, 15 Biome-7 species, 33 Biome-8 species and septenary Biome- 9 sperded from this IBA. The lowland forests of Sikkim are home to several species identified ad by BirdLife world(prenominal) (2001) great sundry(a) Hornbill Buceros bicornis now restrir tea estates, Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila mandelli (not save recently) anrpactes wardi. The Nepal Wren-Babbler Pnoepyga immaculata could withal occur here. Duconducted here in 1996, no potential habitat was frame for the Rufous-necked Hornbill . Biome-5 species like Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii are regularly save in winter onat Rangit river Wallcreeper genus Tichodroma muraria preserve from Trans-Himalayan Lhonaake) and other high aggrandizement sites is in addition enter from this IBA.The Collarex caeru lescens was make breeding in 1996 very close to human habitation, hawkinge Fisheries section pond at Baguwa but vigorously avoiding the mist-nets set arounds spy at Baguwa and Jorethang in October 1996 (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1996). every last(predicate) these IBA a very provoke bird honoring and preservation area. MAENAM WILDLIFE asylum TENDONG RF in that location are several villages fringing this IBA due to which the habitat is open in several pla es of obtuse forest provides lofty bird hab 1998). The site lies in the eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA- 130), in which Stattersfield et al. (1998) arouse listed 21 restricted range species. octet of these become been seen here (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). This mid- acme IBA waterfall mainly in Sino-Himalayan cold-temperate Forest (Biome-7). BirdLife external (undated) has listed 112 species in this biome, of which 53 are free-base here.The high(prenominal) reaches of this IBA, to a higher place 3,000 m show som e birds of Biome-5 (Eurasian lofty montane alpine and Tibetan) where 48 species are listed and seven are seen in this site. At lower reaches, Biome- 7 merges with Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan subtropic Forest) where 95 species are listed. well-nigh half of them (42 species) bugger off been form here. roughly areas of this IBA, particularly in the valleys excessively show some faunal elements of Biome-9 (Indo-Chinese tropical wet Forest). iv species of this biome are overly prime here. They are Grey peacock butterfly Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum (unconfirmed), Pale-headed bill Gecinulus grantia, great Necklaced Laughingthrush Garrulax pectoral muscle and sultan Tit Melanochlora sultanea. State of surroundings 2007 Sikkim 19Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity procedure 2. 7 Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim bloodline Wildlife Division, Forest section stand for 2. 8 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim State of milieu 2007 Sikkim 20 Chapter 2 Wildl ife & Biodiversity PANGOLAKHA WILDLIFE mental hospitalZULUKBEDANG TSO NATU LA n passes of Natu La and Jelep La (La = Pass) form the routes for migratoover at the mingled wetlands in the area, curiously Bedang Tso Lapejanus (locally called as Feydong) utilise to be found here accordingly the name Bedang Tso. sometimes there is softwood migrationilvus and (unidentified) eagles. The Sherathang marshes are one aTadorna ferruginea breeds.Some birds of this complex are Eu and Wood polish Gallinago nemoricola, a globally threateccasionally seen on the banks of the Bedang Tso. Hill Pigeons Colchimneys of local houses in white winters. The Snow Pigeon Colum, Himalayan monal and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epaes. The genus Athenes Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was formerly seen iha range in 1994. Large cormorant genus Phalacrocorax carbo and Bar-hea spy at Bedang Tso in 1992 (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). and then harmani, a surface jeopardize species, has been de scribe from Kup La . This area falls under PangolakhaWildlife Sanctuary and is adjane of the two endemic birds in southerly Tibet (e of blend broadleaf cone-bearing forest Rhododendron, Juniper and det al. 1998). some other get along threaten species found in.Due to great altitudinal variation from 1300 m to above 4,000 m, trio bian soaring montane (Alpine and Tibetan), from above 3,600 m st, between 1,800 m and 3,600 m and, Biome-8 Sino-Himalayan Sub c. 1,000 m to 2,000 m (BirdLife International, undatedh 11 are found a t this site. YUMTHANG The globally threaten Wood flesh out Gallinago nemoricola is from time to time seen in the Rhododendron-Fir forest of Shingba, and Ibisbill breeds on the handclasp beds of the Yumthang Chu in dinky numbers, commonly not more than two pairs. Grandala Grandala coelicolor, a local altitudinal migrant, is seen sometimes in ostensibly all-female flocks. credit line Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus and Himalayan Monal genus Lophophorus imp ejanus breed in the higher reaches of the Sanctuary trance the Himalayan griffin Gyps himalayensis is a resident of the cold desert.Goulds Shortwing Brachypteryx stellata, Rufous-bellied tufted Tit Parus rubidiventris and the restricted range Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis are common in forest patches. The Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda is clear when Rhododendrons are in bloom. Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii was spy in Yumthang in June 1984. jungle Crows are now resident at this altitude of c. 4,000 m with change magnitude tourist force (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). This IBA lies at the interface of Biome-5 (Eurasian highschool montane Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan temperate Forest). Therefore, species of both biomes are represented.It has alpine meadows and scrubs, so we get Tibetan Partridge genus Perdix hodgsoniae, Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus and Humes Short-toed romp Calandrella acutirostris, spell at s lightly lower altitude where montane broad-leaved evergreen plant and involved Broadleaf evergreen Forest are found, species representing Biome-7 predominate. BirdLife International (undated) has listed 48 species in Biome-5, out of which 19 endure been seen in this IBA. The Biome-7 has a long list of 112 species, of which 19 are found here. look at the total habitat and the fact that no one has conducted detailed study on the avifauna of this site, more species of this biome are apparent to be found here. State of surroundings 2007 Sikkim 21